What is the Strength of an Ionic Crystal Structure?
An ionic crystal MX with M being the metal cation and X the non-metal anion (below figure) has a certain amount of intrinsic strength that…
Chemistry
Rates of Chemical Reactions and Concentrations
A + B → C A particular chemical reactions has a rate or speed v (“vee” as in velocity) given in terms of the concentrations…
Theoretical Explanation of Energy of a Single Photon
Chemical spectroscopy and analytical chemistry use light of various types not just visible light but also other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The quantum mechanics…
Isotope Abundances of Molecules: Mathematical Example
The binomial formula is used in chemistry for: (a) calculating the intensities of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) lines due to spin-spin splitting (Pascal’s triangle); (b)…
Kinetics of Second Order Chemical Reaction
An example of a second-order reaction is the atmospheric reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and chlorine (Cl2). The superscript dots indicate radicals i.e. unpaired electrons.…
Theoretical Example of Vapour Pressure of Liquids
The gas phase pressure of a liquid is called its vapour pressure p and increases with increasing temperature of the liquid Where ΔH0vap is the…
Non-Ideal Gases: Mathematical Example
The van der Waals equation below models the behaviour of many non ideal gases over wide pressure and temperature ranges. Where p is the pressure;…
What are Kinetics of Complex Chemical Reaction?
The reaction at high temperature between H2 and Br2 molecules in the gas phase gives HBr molecules. HBr, H= gray, Br= red Studying the chemical…
Heats of Reaction and Temperature
The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is ΔH1 at temperature T1 and ΔH2 at temperature T2. In science we always show a change in…
What is Transport of Electricity?
A flux of charges is induced when a driving force in the form of an electrical field is applied over a medium or a material…
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