Chemistry
Ionic Product Constant of Water
H2O and Kc are both constant and combining these constants together make up the ionic product constant for water, written KW. KW = [H3O+] [OH-]…
Electro-chemistry
Chemistry
Self-ionisation of Water
For a strong acid, the concentration of the ions will equal the concentration of the acid. e.g. 0.1 M HC1 (aq), [H+] = 0.1 M…
Chemistry
Molecular Structure in Electro-Chemistry
Molecular Structure in Electro-Chemistry two factors are important in determining the relative add strengths. One factor is the polarity of the bond to which the…
Chemistry
Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
The Bronsted-Lowry theory considers the proton-transfer reactions between conjugate add-base pairs. Such add-base reactions can be seen as a competition between species for hydrogen ions.…
Chemistry
Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases
The Lewis theory defines an acid as an electron pair acceptor and a base as an electron pair donor. This theory broadened the scope of…
Chemistry
Amphoteric Nature of Water
Water is amphoteric meaning that it can act as both an acid and a base. The water molecule has hydrogen atoms and, for that reason,…
Chemistry
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
The Bronsted-Lowry theory discusses acid-base reactions in terms of proton-transfer only. Note that an H atom only has one proton and one electron, as such…
Chemistry
Arrhenius Theory
According to the Arrhenius theory an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, produces hydronium ions (H3O+) as follows: HCl (I) + H2O…
Chemistry
Reactions of Acids in Electro-chemistry
Acids are a family of chemicals which react in a similar way. For example, acids found in foodstuff give a characteristic sharp taste. Metal hydroxides,…
Chemistry
Manipulating Yields in Haber’s Process
Adjusting the temperature, pressure and concentration of reactants can therefore have a large effect on the position of equilibrium. Le Chatelier’s principle is applied to…
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