Thermodynamics

Electron Affinity The electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released or spent when an electron is added…

Enthalpy of Ionization or Ionization energy When an electron is removed from an atom a cation is formed. In this process energy will be absorbed.…

Standard enthalpy of reaction from average standard bond enthalpies The average standard bond enthalpy data are useful in calculating the standard enthalpy of reactions. As…

Calculation of Heat of Reaction: Bond Energy Reactions between covalent compounds actually involve bond breaking and bond forming. The process of breaking bonds between two…

Property of Heat of Neutralization The question of the heat of neutralization of a weak acid by a strong base has another aspect which is…

Heat of Neutralization “The heat evolved when one mole of water is formed by complete neutralization of an acid with a base is called the…

Application/Uses of Newton’s Laws of Motion When a body applies force on another body then the second body also applies equal and opposite force on…

Enthalpy of Dilution When one mole of a substance is dissolved in a specified quantity of solvent in a large number of steps the enthalpy…

Enthalpy of Solution If some ammonium chloride or glucose is added to water in a test tube the tube becomes cooler. On the other hand…

Effect of Temperature on Heat of Reaction: The Kirchhoff Equation The heat change accompanying chemical or physical processes generally depends on the temperature at which…