Thermodynamics

Heat of Formation “The standard heat of formation of a compound is defined as the change in hear content, ∆H when one mole of the…

Enthalpy of Combustion: Bomb Calorimeter The standard enthalpy of combustion of a compound or an element is defined as the heat evolved when one mole…

Hess’s Law of Thermochemistry Two laws of thermochemistry are very important in thermochemical calculations. Both the laws preceded the first law of thermodynamics (1850). It…

Thermochemistry is the study of heat energy related to chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. Thermochemistry is helpful in predicting reactant and product quantities at all…

Determination of Heats of Reaction: Calorimetry Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions are usually measured with the help of calorimeters. A calorimeter is a simple device…

At constant volume, the heat of reaction is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system. At constant pressure, the heat of…

Heat of Reaction or Enthalpy of Reaction The Heat of Reaction (also known Enthalpy of Reaction) is the change in the enthalpy of chemical reaction…

Conventions in Heat of Reaction The Heat of Reaction (also known Enthalpy of Reaction) is the change in the enthalpy of chemical reaction that happens…

The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas: Joule-Thompson Porous Plug Experiments A more refined and sensitive experiment was carried out by Joule in conjunction with…

The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas: Joule’s Experiments In an adiabatic expansion the work is done by the system on the surrounding at the…