Chemistry

Reversible and irreversible processes in Thermodynamic When the state of a system is changed by changing any of the variables on which it is dependent,…

Mathematical Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics When heat is applied to a system, the internal energy of the system will increase if no…

Internal Energy: In thermodynamics the total energy possessed by a system is termed its internal energy (U). Internal energy is the sum of all possible…

In thermodynamics, work has a broader meaning. It includes mechanical work, electrical work, surface work etc. Mechanical work (w) is said to be done when…

The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy. The first law may be…

Intensive and extensive thermodynamic properties Thermodynamic properties of a system may be classified into two groups: Intensive properties and Extensive properties Any property of a…

State of a thermodynamic system and state functions (variables) A thermodynamic system is considered to be in a definite state when each of the macroscopic…

Important Concepts in Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics and many quantitative relationships deduced therefrom are based on some fundamental concepts. It is imperative to understand…

Energy of a system is defined as ‘its capacity to do work’. There are various forms of energy and conversion of energy from one form…

Heat is an important form of energy. It is difficult to define heat energy by a simple statement but the feeling of hotness or coldness…