Geology

Hydrological Cycle of Water Water is a cyclic resource. It can be used and re-used. Water also undergoes a cycle from the ocean to land…

Divisions of the Ocean Floors The ocean floors can be divided into four major divisions: (i) the Continental Shelf; (ii) the Continental Slope: (iii) the…

Relief of the Ocean Floor The oceans are confined to the great depressions of the earth’s outer layer. In this section, we shall see the…

Causes of Climate Change The causes of climate change are many. They can be grouped into astronomical and terrestrial causes. The astronomical causes are the…

Climate Change: Koeppen’s Scheme of Climate The type of climate we experience now might be prevailing over the last 10,000 years with minor and occasionally…

Climate in the recent past Variability in climate occurs all the time. The nineties decade of the last century witnessed extreme weather events. The 1990s…

Polar Climates according to Koeppen’s Classification Polar climates exist poleward beyond 70° latitude. These climates have year-round cold temperatures with the warmest month less than…

Highland Climates according to Koeppen’s Classification Highland climates are governed by topography. In high mountains, large changes in mean temperature occur over short distances. Precipitation…

Cold Snow Forest Climates according to Koeppen’s Classification Cold snow forest climates occur in the large continental area in the northern hemisphere between 40°-70° north…

Dry Climates according to Koeppen’s Classification Dry climates are characterized by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of plants. These climates…