Chemical Equilibrium

Dissociation of weak acids and weak bases: Ostwald’s Dilution Law Weak electrolytes are incompletely dissociated into ions. Ostwald’s dilution law is the application of the…

pH of solutions of very weak acids If the acid is very weak then the extent of dissociation will be very small and for all…

The glass electrode for pH Measurement Glass electrode has become the most useful and convenient electrode in determining the pH of solutions, particularly with the…

Measurement of pH pH measurement is used in an extensive diversity of applications: agriculture, wastewater treatment, industrial procedures, environmental monitoring, and in research and development.…

Hydrogen ion concentration- The pH Scale An accurate knowledge of the hydrogen ion concentration and its control is of utmost importance in many chemicals, analytical,…

Self-Ionization (or autoionization) of Water Water is known to be a non-electrolyte (non-conductor of electricity), although precise measurements indicate that water is a weak conductor…

Lewis Concept The Bronsted-Lowry theory is actually a special case of a more general theory of acids and bases as proposed by G. N. Lewis…

Acids and Bases: Bronsted-Lowry Concept In 1923, J. N. Bronsted and J. M. Bjerrum in Denmark and T. M. Lowry in England independently proposed a…

Advantages of the Bronsted – Lowry theory: In 1923, J. N. Bronsted and J. M. Bjerrum in Denmark and T. M. Lowry in England independently…

Acids and Bases: the Arrhenius concept The uses of acids and bases were known since time immemorial, although a concise definition was not given until…