Plant Reproduction

Upper epidermis: Upper epidermis is a only layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts. The cells are relatively transparent and permit most of the…

Palisade parenchyma is the upper layer of ground tissue in a leaf, consisting of elongated cells beneath and perpendicular to the upper epidermis and constituting…

Spongy parenchyma the lower layer of the ground tissue of a leaf, typically containing irregularly shaped cells with relatively few chloroplasts and large intercellular spaces.…

Vascular bundles are the components of vascular tissue system in plants. They are also called as ‘fascicle’. They are the part of transport system in…

The lower epidermis covers the lower surface of the leaf. It contains stomata cells that help prevent water loss and regulate the exchange of gases…

Formation of Annual Ring: An annual ring may be defined as a ring of vascular tissue produced by the fascicular cambium during the course of…

Formation of secondary medullary rays: Secondary medullary rays are vertical plates of parenchyma cells running radially through the cylinder of vascular tissue in the stems…

Formation of cambium ring: Cambium is a meristem that increases the girth of stems and roots by producing additional xylem and phloem. The intrafascicular cambium,…

Formation of secondary xylem The cells formed toward the inside are called secondary xylem, or wood, and those formed toward the outside of the cambium…

Formation of secondary phloem The phloem transports food for the plant made by the leaves, also known as glucose, in the form of sucrose. The…