Crystal Structure
An X-ray analysis shows that the ions in solids are arranged in different patterns. The exact arrangement of the ions in an ionic lattice varies…
Chemistry
Giant Ionic Structures and their Properties
Ionic Compounds: Ionic compounds are crystalline solids. A crystal has a regular shape with flat sides (“faces”), and consistent angles between the faces. This is…
Conductivity of Metals
Because the electrons are free to move around the metal lattice, they can easily move through the metal when a potential difference is applied —…
Giant Metallic Structures and their Properties
Giant Metal structures, Metal atoms are arranged in layers. The atoms are as close together as possible – a “close-packed” crystal structure. This close-packing explains the…
Hydrogen Bonding
H has the lowest electronegativity of any of the non-metals, so all bonds involving H are very polar. Thus compounds with O-H, N-H or F-H…
Intermolecular Forces
A molecule will have an overall dipole (i.e. be polar) if: It has polar bonds and The overall shape of the molecules is such that…
Electronegativity
The degree of ionic character in a covalent bond is determined by the electronegativity difference between the two elements bonded together. Electronegativity is the ability…
Limitations with Lewis Structures
Lewis structures are very useful to predict whether ionic or covalent bonds will form between certain elements, and in what ratio they will combine. VSEPR…
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Sometimes covalently-bonded atoms have a share in fewer than 8 electrons e.g. Be in BeCl2, B in BCl3. Be and B have very high ionization…
Valence Electrons and Bonding
Electrons can either be core electrons or valence electrons. The valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom. As orbitals are filled, core electrons…
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