Industrial Production of Ethanoic Acid: Industrially ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is manufactured from pyroligneous acid, obtained from the destructive distillation of wood. It contains ethanoic acid, propanone and methane. When this mixture is distilled along…

Industrial Production of Methanoic Acid: Methanoic acid used in processing textiles and leather. Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin formica, meaning “ant.” It is made by the action…

Formation of Azo dyes: Organic compounds become colorful due to the presence of some π- bonding group, e.g. nitroso (-NO) group, nitro group (-NO2), azo group (-N=N-) etc. So, the color-producing groups are known as…

Coupling Reaction: The most important reaction of diazonium salts is their ability to produce a large number of colored azo dye. This is called coupling reaction. Thus in alkaline medium benzene diazonium chloride couples with phenol…

Sandmayer Reaction: If the aqueous solution of diazonium salt is heated at 100 C with cuprous salt and its similar hydracids, the diazo group is substituted by the acidic group of cuprous salt to produce…

Gattermann Reaction: If benzene diazonium salt is heated with Cu and halogen acids, diazo group is substituted by halogen. This reaction is known as Gattermann reaction. It is named for the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann…

Physical properties of benzenediazonium chloride: Colorless, crystalline solid Readily soluble in water and becomes ionized in solution. It is almost insoluble in alcohol and ether. In dry state, it is highly explosive due to heat…

Amines have many functions in an assortment of everyday functions. Many amines are used in industries for pest control and tanning of leather. The amine Aniline finds appliance in the manufacturing of man-made dyes. Many…

Sulphonation of –NH2 group: Aniline at first produces aniline hydrogen sulphate by reacting with sulphuric acid, which if heated at I80-200°C produces p-amino benzene sulphonic acid or Sulphanilic acid. Nature abounds with nitrogen compounds, many of…

Physical properties of Aliphatic Amines: (i) Physical state, odour: C1 ≈ C3 amines are colorless gas in normal temperature, higher amines are liquid or solid. Aliphatic amines have a characteristic fishy odour. (ii) Melting point…