Michelson-Morley Experiment After the discovery of Maxwell’s equations in 1861 it was seen that electromagnetic wave propagates in vacuum at the speed of light. Later on, Hertz proved that light is an electromagnetic wave. At…

Inertial and Non-inertial Frame of Reference The frame of reference in which law of inertia and Newton’s first law of motion is applicable is called inertial frame of reference. It is also called internal frame…

Frame of Reference In classical and Newtonian mechanics three fundamental quantities have been considered. These are space, time, and mass. According to classical mechanics space, time and mass are constant but according to Einstein these…

Optic Axis: In all double-refracting crystals there is a particular direction along which light is refracted without double refraction. This direction of the crystal is called the optic axis. It is an imaginary line that…

Polarizing Angle: In a reflecting medium, if the angle of incidence is changed slowly then an angle will be obtained for which the polarization will be maximum, that angle is called the polarizing angle. It…

Double Refraction: There are some crystals through which traveling rays of light are split into two components. This process is called the double refraction and those crystals are called double-refracting crystals. Quartz, calcites are double-refracting…

Tourmaline Crystal Experiment and Polarization of Light Polarization is the action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or partially to one direction. Light may be polarized partly or entirely. Light…

Unpolarized light: Ordinary light waves whose vibrations normal to the direction of propagation, spread all around the source with equal amplitude is called unpolarized light [Fig -1]. It has two components i.e. Electrical component and…

Polarization of Light We know, light is a form of energy which creates the sensation of vision. There are five theories to determine the nature of light. Wave theory of light is one of them.…

Grating Constant A diffraction grating is an optical component with a usual model. The form of the light diffracted by a grating depends on the construction of the elements. It is an optical component whose…