Plant kingdom

The stem may not always be typically like what they are expected to be. They are modified to perform different functions (Figure). Underground stems of…

The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a…

Roots in some plants change their shape and structure and become modified to perform functions other than absorption and conduction of water and minerals. They…

The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap (Figure). It protects the tender apex of the root as…

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil. It…

Phylum Echinodermata animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossifies and hence, the name Echinodermata (Spiny bodied, Figure). All are marine with organ-system level of organization.…

Presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important in classification. The body cavity, which is lined…

Malvaceae: (i) Leaf: simple and alternate, free lateral stipule present. (ii) Androecium: Stamens monadelphous, staminal tube situated around the style. (iii) Anther: One celled and…

In angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed by fruits. The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats. They range…

The gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed both before and after fertilization. The seeds…