Solid State

Solid Materials: Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors The electrical conductivity of solids was first demonstrated by Stephen Gray in 1729. Conductivity is the ability of a…

The Powder Method technique for X-ray diffraction P. Debye and P. Scherrer devised a very simple technique for obtaining X-ray diffraction data. Their technique, known…

Application of X-ray Diffraction The most important application of X-ray diffraction is in the field of determination of crystal structure X-ray diffraction technique has enabled…

The Structure of Sodium Chloride Crystals It is known from the external geometry of sodium chloride crystal that it belongs to the cubic system. X-ray…

Cubic Lattices In the cubic lattice system the three different space lattices are called the simple cubic, the face-centred cubic and the body-centred cubic lattices.…

Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of high penetrating power and short wavelength, which are emitted from a target when it is…

Bravais lattices A lattice is a regular array of points. Each point must have the same number of neighbors as every other point and the…

Law of Miller indices in Crystal Systems Crystalline solids exhibit different toms depending on the relative sizes of the ions or atoms, type of binding…

Law of Rational Indices in Crystal Systems Crystalline solids exhibit different toms depending on the relative sizes of the ions or atoms, type of binding…

Symmetry in Crystals Symmetry is an important property of crystals. Symmetry in crystals indicates the various ways in which the crystal may be rotated, reflected…