Solid State

The Crystal Systems Crystalline solids exhibit different toms depending on the relative sizes of the ions or atoms, type of binding force, nature of stacking…

Internal Structure of a Crystal We know that solid substances can either be crystalline or amorphous. The crystalline solids are composed of one or more smaller…

Unit cell The nominal division of a crystal is called a unit cell. It is shaped by the amalgamation of atoms and molecules. The whole…

Bonding in Network Covalent Crystals and their Characteristic Depending on the forces that hold the atoms, molecules or ions together in crystal lattice crystals are…

Bonding in Metallic Crystals and their Characteristic Depending on the forces that hold the atoms, molecules or ions together in crystal lattice crystals are classified…

Bonding in Ionic Crystals and their Characteristic Depending on the forces that hold the atoms, molecules or ions together in crystal lattice crystals are classified…

Bonding in Molecular Crystals and their Characteristic Depending on the forces that hold the atoms, molecules or ions together in crystal lattice crystals are classified…

Hydrothermal method: When water is heated in a closed vessel (autoclave) the pressure inside is increased and water remains as liquid above its normal boiling…

Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) method: This method is based on the crystallization of reactants in the vapor or gas phase. In this method, volatile starting…

Sol-Gel method: A sol is a colloidal dispersion of small (1-1000 nm diameter) articles. In the Sol-Gel method a sol of reactants in a suitable…