Thermodynamics

The Third Law of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of entropy and calculation of differences of entropy. We have seen…

Entropy change in an irreversible process Entropy is a state function and ∆S, in going from an initial state A to a final state B,…

Total entropy change of a system and its surroundings A system is that part which is under investigation. The surroundings constitute all other parts which…

Entropy vs equilibrium A system is said to be in equilibrium when it has no further tendency of change. In a reversible process all stages are…

Heat Engine Heat engine is a machine which converts thermal energy into work. The discovery of heat engine played a crucial role in many technological…

Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics The second law has been stated in many ways which may appear to be different. However, these various…

Non-spontaneous process: Non-spontaneous processes are those that do not take place by themselves. Non-spontaneous process is a type of reaction which cannot occur without the…

Spontaneous Process: A process that takes place without any outside influence is called a spontaneous process. A spontaneous process is capable of proceeding in a…

Necessity of the Second Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics treats the universe as a closed system and states that the amount of…

The Lattice Enthalpy (L.E.) In an ionic compound, the oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction. A quantitative measure of the…